Results of a large-scale rain stimulation experiment on the Southern Slopes of the Alps     

Dr. Paul Schmid  J. C. Thams 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1967,16(2-3):226-241

Summary The large-scale Experiment III conducted in the Ticino (Southern Slope of the Alps) in 1957–1963 for the suppression of hail was also used to investigate the problem of rain stimulation. Based on a randomization principle, the experiment showed that the number of days on which rain fell was not increased by seeding the clouds with silver iodide but that the amount of rainfall on test days with precipitation was augmented. The increase on thundery days with cold fronts was up to 60%, and in thundery barrage situations even amounted to 100%, while on days with local thunderstorms no significant differences were recorded, and on days with changing weather conditions the differences in some cases carry the opposite sign. Statistical evaluation consequently showed that seeding the clouds with silver iodide was in certain cases effective.

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Zusammenfassung Der in den Jahren 1957–1963 durchgeführte Großversuch III zur Bekämpfung des Hagels im Tessin (Alpensüdhang) wurde auch dazu verwendet, das Problem der Niederschlagsstimulation zu untersuchen. Der nach der Zufallszuordnung geplante Versuch ergab, daß durch Impfung der Wolken mit Silberjodid zwar die Anzahl der Niederschlagstage nicht vergrößert, die Niederschlagsmenge an Versuchstagen mit Niederschlag jedoch vermehrt wurde. Diese Zunahme betrug bei Gewitterlagen begleitet von Kaltfronten bis zu 60% und bei gewittrigen Südstaulagen sogar 100%, während bei Lokalgewittern keine signifikanten Unterschiede nachgewiesen werden konnten und bei Gewittern mit wechselnder Wetterlage die Unterschiede teilweise sogar ein anderes Vorzeichen haben. Die statistische Auswertung ergab somit, daß das Impfen der Wolken mit Silberjodid unter bestimmten Umständen wirkungsvoll war.

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Résumé Les données provenant des essais à grande échelle — essais effectués au Tessin de 1957 à 1963 pour lutter contre la grêle — sont utilisées également pour essayer d'apporter une solution au problème de la stimulation des précipitations. La série des essais basés uniquement sur les effets du hasard montre que le nombre de jours avec précipitations n'augmente pas par une insémination des nuages par de l'iodure d'argent. La quantité d'eau recueillie est cependant plus importante lorsque des précipitations suivent l'insémination. Cette augmentation atteint 60% par situations orageuses accompagnées de fronts froids, voire 100% en cas d'orages par barrage du sud. Par contre, lorsqu'on a à faire à des orages locaux, on ne constate pas de différences significatives. Si la situation météorologique change pendant un orage, les différences constatées peuvent même être affectées de signes contraires. Le dépouillement statistique des données démontre donc que l'insémination des nuages par de l'iodure d'argent a une influence certaine.

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With 1 Map and 8 Figures  相似文献   

Effects of alpine hydropower operations on primary production in a downstream lake     

David Finger  Peter Bossard  Martin Schmid  Lorenz Jaun  Beat Müller  Daniel Steiner  Erwin Schäffer  Markus Zeh  Alfred Wüest 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(2):240-256

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Debris flows in Glacier National Park, Montana: geomorphology and hazards     

Forrest D. Wilkerson  Ginger L. Schmid 《Geomorphology》2003,55(1-4):317

Debris flows are one of the many active slope-forming processes within Glacier National Park, Montana. Most debris flow landforms exhibit classic morphology with a distinct failure scarp, incised channel, channel levees, and toe deposits that often develop a lobate form. The Precambrian metasediments that dominate Glacier National Park's geology weather into angular clasts that range in size from platy gravels to boulders. Classic debris flows occur in areas where the topographic expression provides a debris source from cliff faces and an accumulation of regolith, often in the form of talus slopes. Many of these debris flows have long runout zones and can travel many hundreds of meters. Often they cross hiking trails or roads, including the main east–west highway, Going-to-the-Sun Road. Debris flows impacting the road have resulted in several near fatalities, and hikers have been forced to cross active debris flows to reach safe ground. The magnitude of debris flows varies between high magnitude channel incising events and low magnitude channel filling and/or reworking events. The frequency of debris flow events is irregular and appears to be controlled by the hydrology of triggering storms and antecedent moisture conditions, not by the debris supply. As a result, debris flow magnitude is not a function of frequency, but is more closely related to the characteristics of antecedent conditions and individual storms.  相似文献   

Basement-Cover Sequences within the UHP unit of the Dabie Shan   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

R. Schmid  R. L. Romer  L. Franz  R. Oberhänsli  G. Martinotti 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2003,21(6):531-538

Field data define two lithologically distinct basement‐cover sequences within the ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic (UHPM) unit of the Dabie Shan, eastern China. One of the cover units, the Changpu unit, comprises calc‐arenitic metasediments in stratigraphic contact with a basement consisting of gneisses of the Yangtze craton. The second cover unit, the Ganghe unit, consists of felsic‐intermediate metavolcanics and clastic metasediments. Basement exposure of the Ganghe unit is not known. Fold axes in the Ganghe unit are oblique to those of the Changpu unit, which are parallel to those of the Yangtze gneisses. Preservation of primary textures in some volcanic rocks, and tectonic separation from the Yangtze gneisses by a greenschist facies mylonite, support an interpretation of the Ganghe unit as a low‐strain domain. Protolith associations in the Ganghe and Changpu units are compatible with deposition in a rift setting and along a passive continental margin, respectively. A U–Pb single zircon age of 761 ± 33 Ma for volcanoclastic rocks of the Ganghe unit demonstrates a Neoproterozoic deposition age, concordant with inferred rifting at that time. Eclogite facies parageneses in the gneisses and both cover units, along with P–T data demonstrate regional UHPM in the Dabie Shan.  相似文献   

Delay times and shear wave splitting in the Mediterranean region     

Christian Schmid  Suzan van der Lee  Domenico Giardini 《Geophysical Journal International》2004,159(1):275-290

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Die Bestimmung kleiner Mengen von organischem Stickstoff im Wasser von Binnenseen     

Marcel Schmid dipl. Chemiker 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1968,30(1):244-266

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Die Bestimmung geringster Mengen von Phosphation im Wasser von Binnenseen     

H. Ambühl  M. Schmid 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1965,27(1):172-183

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Die Bestimmung geringster Mengen von Gesamtphosphor im Wasser von Binnenseen     

M. Schmid  H. Ambühl 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1965,27(1):184-192

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Rheological evidence for changes in the deformation mechanism of Solenhofen limestone towards low stresses     

S.M. Schmid 《Tectonophysics》1976,31(1-2)

New rheological data on Solenhofen limestone at temperatures of 600–900°C show a transition into power-law creep with n-values around 4.5 followed by a second transition into low n-values (n 2). It is suggested that the mechanism associated with low n-values is probably the active one in many geological situations involving flow in fine-grained carbonates and corresponds to superplastic phenomena known to occur in fine-grained metals.  相似文献   

Buchbesprechungen     

Marcel Schmid  HR. Bürgi  Rudolf Müller 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1980,42(1):86-87

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献